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- Trade and exchange systems can be reconstructed if the materials in question are distinctive enough for their source to be identified. When an artifact found in one location is determined to have its origin in another location, contact between the two locations has occurred.
- Through characterization, artifacts are examined for the characteristic properties of the material from which they are made, thus allowing the source of that material to be determined. For this to work, there must be something about the source of the material that dis-tinguishes it from other sources. The observation of stone objects in thin section, for example, allows the researcher to identify the source of the stone based on its mineral components. The trace elements of an object, which are found in very small quantities, can be used to characterize an object. Neutron activation analysis, for example, can source a piece of obsidian to a particular volcano and, sometimes, even a particular eruption of that volcano.
- When written records exist they offer a wealth of information about the distribution of goods. Trade goods are often marked by their producer in some way (such as with a clay sealing or even a written name) and from this information a distribution map can be created based on where the goods of a particular producer have been found. Distribution maps aid in the spatial analysis of sites or artifacts. Another way to visualize distribution is through fall-off analysis where quantities of material found are plotted against the distance of their find spot from the material's source.
- Greater understanding of trade networks comes from studies of production in areas such as mines and quarries and the study of consumption of goods.
- Societies which had contact with each other through trade of material goods also exchanged ideas and other information. This most likely had a direct role in the spread of technology, language, and culture.
Key Concept Identifications
You should be familiar with the meaning and importance of each of the following terms:
Scale and "World System"
Modes of Exchange
- Reciprocity, p. 361
- Redistribution, p. 361
- Market exchange, p. 361
- Kula Network, p. 360
Materials of Prestige Value
Valuables and Commodities
- Primitive valuables, p. 364
- Sphere of exchange, p. 364
Discovering the Sources of Traded Goods: Characterization
Analytical Methods
- Thin section analysis, p. 365
- Optical emission spectrometry (OES), p. 366
- Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), p. 366
- X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), p. 366
Analyzing Artifact Composition
- Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), p. 368
- Atomic Absorption spectrometry (AAS), p. 368
- Electron probe microanalysis, p. 369
The Study of Distribution
- Trend Surface Analysis, p. 378
- Fall-off analysis, p. 379
Exchange and Interaction: The Complete System
- Interaction sphere, p. 389
- Peer polity interaction, p. 388
- Prestige goods, p. 386
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