/**
*  1/19/05 (A. Gonzalez) Chapter No., Book No. and Title Added
*  6/20/05 Modified: (J. Lucca) Removed frames from quizzes.
*  7/7/05 Modified: (J. Lucca)
*     Can turn off HISTOGRAM and randomize_questions on any ch##.htm page
*     by setting them here to false. Both default to true in quiz.js.
*  12/1/05 Modified: (J. Lucca)
*     Can turn off histogram SECTIONS and/or TYPES on any ch##.htm page
*     by setting them here to false. Both default to true in quiz.js.
*/

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// HISTOGRAM AND RANDOMIZE OPTIONAL SETTINGS
//    Can turn off per quiz or leave defaults (as set in quiz.js) as false.
//      randomize_questions=true; HISTOGRAM=true; SECTIONS=true; TYPES=true;
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
HISTOGRAM = false
SECTIONS = false
TYPES = false

/**
* Required settings for all Gradebooks:
*    chapter_no, book_no, book_title
*
* Required when HISTOGRAM = true:
*    At least a section_title[] with its matching q#section for each question
*    or a type_title[] with its matching q#type for each question.
*    Without at least one of these you won't get any histograms.
*/

// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// BEGIN PASTE - Paste any existing quiz javascript questions
//               between this comment and one just like it near bottom of page
// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


// General settings
var chapter_no = "07";
var book_no = "28441";
var book_title = "Archaeology, 5e.";
quiz_name = "Chapter Quiz";
var confirm = "http://www.thamesandhudsonusa.com/web/archaeology/5e/thankyou.htm";
number_answers = new Array(5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2);

var number_questions = number_answers.length;


// HISTOGRAM SECTIONS: All histograms need sections.
section_title = new Array()
section_title[1] = "";                                        
section_title[2] = ""; 

// HISTOGRAM TYPES: A histogram needs types/categories
type_title = new Array()
type_title[1] = "";        
type_title[2] = "";
type_title[3] = "";

q1 = "______________ is usually taken to mean the quest for food, documented almost everywhere by the waste products of both animal and plant food preparation.";
q1a = "Hunting";
q1b = "Subsistence ";
q1c = "Gathering ";
q1d = "Looking for animals";
q1e = "none of the above";
q1answer = "b";
q1review = "See Introduction, p. 275.";

q2 = "The only incontrovertible evidence that a particular plant or animal species was actually consumed is the presence of traces in the stomach or in:";
q2a = "seeds in the archaeological record.";
q2b = "traces in dessicated fecal matter.";
q2c = "residue analysis of cooking pots.";
q2d = "animal bones in the archaeological record.";
q2e = "residue analysis of flint tools.";
q2answer = "b";
q2review = "See Introduction, p. 277.";

q3 = "Archaeobotanists use _________________ evidence to interpret macrobotanical remains. This approach proceeds from ethnographic observation of plant-processing activities to an examination of archaeological remains in context.";
q3a = "external";
q3b = "internal";
q3c = "observation";
q3d = "experimentation";
q3e = "scientific";
q3answer = "a";
q3review = "See What Can Plant Foods Tell Us About Diet? p. 280 .";

q4 = "Analysis of the charred remains found at Wadi Kubbaniya, a Paleolithic site in Egypt, led to the identification of over 20 different types of:";
q4a = "stone tools";
q4b = "ceramic forms";
q4c = "domesticated animals";
q4d = "food plants";
q4e = "farm tools";
q4answer = "d";
q4review = "See Paleoethnobotany: A Case Study, pp. 278-79.";

q5 = "Sickle-sheen on stone tools can prove or at least suggest that plants were";
q5a = "eaten daily.";
q5b = "processed at a site.";
q5c = "domesticated.";
q5d = "a sign of sedentism.";
q5e = "consumed by domesticated animals.";
q5answer = "b";
q5review = "See Tools and Other Equipment Used in Plat Processing, p. 281.";

q6 = "One conclusion derived from the experimental studies at the Butser Experimental Farm was that if storage pits have an impermeable seal,";
q6a = "unparched grain can be stored for long periods without decaying.";
q6b = "unparched grain quickly deteriorates without some form of preservative.";
q6c = "unparched grain will soon be devoured by mice and other small burrowing vermin.";
q6d = "unparched grain quickly ferments.";
q6e = "unparched grain is best stored at high temperatures.";
q6answer = "a";
q6review = "See Butser Experimental Iron Age Farm, pp. 282-83.";

q7 = "Evidence from residue analysis of stone tools from Kilu Cave in the Solomon Islands constitutes the world's oldest evidence for the consumption of _____________ ";
q7a = "barley.";
q7b = "date palms.";
q7c = "root vegetables (taro).";
q7d = "domesticated dog.";
q7e = "wheat.";
q7answer = "c";
q7review = "See Analysis of Plant Residues on Artifacts, p. 281.";

q8 = "In a study of material from Neolithic lake dwellings German Chemist Rolf Rottl&#228nder was able to identify various substances on _________using the technique of chromatography";
q8a = "stone tools";
q8b = "storage pits";
q8c = "phytoliths";
q8d = "fire pits ";
q8e = "pot sherds";
q8answer = "e";
q8review = "See Analysis of Plant Residues on Artifacts, p. 282.";

q9 = "From the starch granule residue in Egyptian vessels, British scientist Delwen Samuel has been able to reconstruct precisely how Egyptians";
q9a = "brewed beer.";
q9b = "made foul (Egyptian bean dish).";
q9c = "baked cakes.";
q9d = "brewed coffee.";
q9e = "made stuffed vegetables.";
q9answer = "a";
q9review = "See Analysis of Plant Residues on Artifacts, p. 282.";

q10 = "The initial publication (1960) of Robert Braidwood's excavations at Jarmo included contributions by several scientific specialists, one of the first multidisciplinary volumes. Reports by scientists included ";
q10a = "technical ceramic study.";
q10b = "paleoethnobotany.";
q10c = "archaeozoology.";
q10d = "paleoclimate study.";
q10e = "all of the above ";
q10answer = "e";
q10review = "See Investigating the Rise of Farming in Western Asia, pp. 286-87 .";

q11 = "Jacques Cauvin has suggested that the Neolithic Revolution was fundamentally a _____________ ,where new conceptual structures played a significant role in the development of sedentary societies.";
q11a = "subsistence development";
q11b = "ethnographic development";
q11c = "competitive development";
q11d = "cognitive development";
q11e = "none of the above";
q11answer = "d";
q11review = "See Investigating the Rise of Farming in Western Asia, pp. 286-87.";

q12 = "The pioneer of _______________ (the assessment of what happened to bones between deposition and discovery) is C.K. Brain, whose work in South Africa has shown the effects of carnivores on animal carcasses.";
q12a = "pallonology";
q12b = "taphonomic analyses";
q12c = "archaeobotany";
q12d = "paleozoology";
q12e = "paleontology";
q12answer = "b";
q12review = "See Taphonomy, pp. 292-93.";

q13 = "Although there is no direct evidence of the practice, the most plausible case of prehistoric __________ is from the Neolithic cave of Fontbregoua, France";
q13a = "polygamy.";
q13b = "iron smelting.";
q13c = "cannibalism.";
q13d = "disease epidemic.";
q13e = "long distance trade.";
q13answer = "c";
q13review = "See Investigating Diet, Seasonality, and Domestication from Animal Remains, p. 291.";

q14 = "_____________ is very important as an example of a site where faunal remains were used to interpret seasonal occupation.";
q14a = "Klasies River Mouth Cave";
q14b = "Abri Pataud";
q14c = "Gull Lake";
q14d = "Star Carr";
q14e = "Inca Cueva";
q14answer = "d";
q14review = "See Strategies of Use: Deducing Age, Sex, and Seasonality from Large Fauna, p. 297.";

q15 = "________________ are usually some of the best-preserved parts of animal remains.";
q15a = "Hides";
q15b = "Long bones";
q15c = "Mandibles";
q15d = "Toe nails";
q15e = "Teeth";
q15answer = "e";
q15review = "See The Study of Animal Teeth, p. 298.";

q16 = "Growth rings on teeth discovered in archaeological excavations can provide clues to";
q16a = "season of death.";
q16b = "type of food consumed.";
q16c = "sex of the animal.";
q16d = "living conditions.";
q16e = "none of the above";
q16answer = "a";
q16review = "See The Study of Animal Teeth, p. 298.";

q17 = "In South America the transition from hunting to herding is very difficult to trace. This is because";
q17a = "so few animal remains survive in the archaeological record.";
q17b = "there are very few archaeozoologists who specialize in camilids.";
q17c = "few post-cranial skeletal features characterize domesticated camelid from wild forms.";
q17d = "the high altitudes of the Andes Mountains do not preserve material well.";
q17e = "few excavations of prehistoric sites have taken place in South America.";
q17answer = "c";
q17review = "See The Question of Animal Domestication, pp. 300-01.";

q18 = "Five bone layers were discovered at the Gull Lake _________ representing the remains of some 900 animals.";
q18a = "butcher's pit";
q18b = "bison drive site";
q18c = "cattle yard";
q18d = "sacrifice site";
q18e = "tar pit ";
q18answer = "b";
q18review = "See Bison Drive Sites, pp. 296-97.";

q19 = "Certain types of tools may indicate the presence of domesticated animals including,";
q19a = "plows.";
q19b = "yokes.";
q19c = "horse trappings.";
q19d = "saddles.";
q19e = "all of the above";
q19answer = "e";
q19review = "See The Question of Animal Domestication, p. 300.";

q20 = "Some deformities, such as the splaying of bones caused by osteo-arthritis or strain, provide convincing evidence for the _________ of animals.";
q20a = "extinction";
q20b = "consumption";
q20c = "domestication";
q20d = "worship";
q20e = "hunting";
q20answer = "c";
q20review = "See The Question of Animal Domestication, p. 300.";

q21 = "One feature useful for the identification of domesticated animals from archaeological contexts is";
q21a = "decrease in overall size.";
q21b = "reduction in tooth size.";
q21c = "a high number of adolescent and young adult animals (in a meat herd).";
q21d = "a high number of adult females (in a milk herd).";
q21e = "all of the above";
q21answer = "e";
q21review = "See The Question of Animal Domestication, p. 300.";

q22 = "_________ provide direct clues to past diet since humans were clearly responsible for most of the material deposited in them.";
q22a = "Tar pits";
q22b = "Midden sites";
q22c = "Ice cores";
q22d = "Lake bottoms";
q22e = "Pollen data";
q22answer = "b";
q22review = "See Small Fauna: Birds, Fish and Molluscs, p. 304 .";

q23 = "One important conclusion from faunal and plant studies conducted at the site of Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria, is that for at least 1000 years after the first cultivation of domesticated plants, _______ still played a crucial part in the site's economy.";
q23a = "long distance trade";
q23b = "hearding";
q23c = "bison killing";
q23d = "deep sea fishing";
q23e = "hunting";
q23answer = "e";
q23review = "See Farming Origins: A Case Study, pp. 302-03.";

q24 = "A hunting practice known in the Near East involved driving entire herds of gazelles into specially built stone enclosures, known as __________ from the shape of their ground plan.";
q24a = "circle enclosures";
q24b = "rectangle platforms";
q24c = "desert kites";
q24d = "diamond mounds";
q24e = "square pens";
q24answer = "c";
q24review = "See Farming Origins: A Case Study, pp. 302-03.";

q25 = "One method of calculating seasonality is the study of fish otoliths. Otoliths are part of the fish's _____________________";
q25a = "tail system.";
q25b = "hearing apparatus.";
q25c = "ocular membrane. ";
q25d = "breathing apparatus.";
q25e = "none of the above";
q25answer = "b";
q25review = "See Strategy of Use: Deducing Seasonality from Small Fauna, p. 306.";

q26 = "In the 2<sup>nd</sup> Dynasty tomb of a noblewoman at Saqqara, in Egypt, there were elaborate funerary offerings including many varieties of food. Examples of the types of food include:";
q26a = "<i>nabk</i> berries.";
q26b = "figs.";
q26c = "pigeon stew.";
q26d = "cooked kidney.";
q26e = "all of the above";
q26answer = "e";
q26review = "See Remains of Individual Meals, p. 305.";

q27 = "Paleobotanist Hans Helbaek's pioneering studies of the _________ of a Danish Iron Age bog body known as Grauballe Man showed that the individual consumed over 60 species of wild seeds.";
q27a = "fecal matter";
q27b = "sickle sheen";
q27c = "stomach contents";
q27d = "burial offerings";
q27e = "teeth";
q27answer = "c";
q27review = "See Assessing Diet from Human Remains, p. 311.";

q28 = "Microscopic abrasions on human teeth provide clues to general types of food intake. Abrasive particles in food leave striations on the tooth enamel which";
q28a = "if meat eaters, leave vertical striations on lateral surfaces of teeth.";
q28b = "if vegetarians, leave both vertical and horizontal striations. ";
q28c = "leave striations on the biting (occlusal) surfaces. ";
q28d = "all of the above ";
q28e = "a and c only ";
q28answer = "d";
q28review = "See Human Teeth as Evidence for Diet, p. 312 .";

q29 = "Dietary studies of human tooth enamel and bone collagen have been revolutionized through analyses based on ";
q29a = "the different ratios of carbon isotopes 13C and 12C.";
q29b = "the different ratios of nitrogen isotopes.";
q29c = "concentration of strontium in bone.";
q29d = "all of the above";
q29e = "none of the above";
q29answer = "d";
q29review = "See Isotopic Methods: Diet over a Lifetime, pp. 313-15.";

q30 = "Using the ratio of strontium to calcium in bones, analysis determined that";
q30a = "<i>Australopithecus robustus</i>, formerly thought to be a vegetarian, ate some meat and was probably omnivorous.";
q30b = "proportions of plant and animals food in bones of eastern Mediterranean populations did not radically change from the Middle Paleolithic until the Mesolithic.";
q30c = "at an Olmec site, the skeletal remains had evidence of differential meat consumption that matched the amount and quality of burial goods.";
q30d = "all of the above";
q30e = "none of the above";
q30answer = "d";
q30review = "See Isotopic Methods: Diet over a Lifetime, p. 315.";

q31 = "Archaeologists only need a small number of samples from a single period on a site in order to obtain reliable information about what plant species were exploited.";
q31a = "True";
q31b = "False";
q31answer = "b";
q31review = "See What Can Plants Tell Us About Diet? p. 276.";

q32 = "Modern ethnographic evidence can be used to aid paleoethnobotanists.";
q32a = "True";
q32b = "False";
q32answer = "a";
q32review = "See Paleoethnobotany: A Case Study, pp. 278-79.";

q33 = "In the past, many pots were deliberately decorated with grain impressions, perhaps overemphasizing the importance of a species.";
q33a = "True";
q33b = "False";
q33answer = "a";
q33review = "See Plant Impressions, p. 281.";

q34 = "Fatty acids are often detected in residue analysis because they preserve well.";
q34a = "True";
q34b = "False";
q34answer = "a";
q34review = "See Analysis of Plant Residues on Artifacts, p. 282.";

q35 = "British chemist John Evans may have discovered traces of cocaine in a 3500 year old vase from Cyprus, suggesting the existence of a drug trade in the eastern Mediterranean at that time.";
q35a = "True";
q35b = "False";
q35answer = "b";
q35review = "See Analysis of Plant Residues on Artifacts, p. 284.";

q36 = "Evidence from Chile and Argentina indicate that wool spinning pre-dated camelid domestication.";
q36a = "True";
q36b = "False";
q36answer = "a";
q36review = "See Investigating The Question of Animal Domestication, pp. 280 .";

q37 = "Archaeologist Hiroko Koike has shown that neither length of occupation nor population size can be discerned from a small shell mound.";
q37a = "True";
q37b = "False";
q37answer = "b";
q37review = "See Shell Midden Analysis, pp. 304-05 .";

q38 = "Flightless Moa from New Zealand were clearly exploited for their meat.";
q38a = "True";
q38b = "False";
q38answer = "a";
q38review = "See Small Fauna: Birds, Fish and Molluscs, p. 301 .";

q39 = "In the Near East farming did not suddenly appear in an all-in-one package but as a step-by-step process, adapting to changing circumstances.";
q39a = "True";
q39b = "False";
q39answer = "a";
q39review = "See Farming Origins: A Case Study, pp. 302-03.";

q40 = "The depictions of marine fish in Mimbres pottery, found over 300 miles from the nearest sea, indicated that the artisans had been to the coast.";
q40a = "True";
q40b = "False";
q40answer = "a";
q40review = "See Art and Literature, p. 304.";