/**
*  1/19/05 (A. Gonzalez) Chapter No., Book No. and Title Added
*  6/20/05 Modified: (J. Lucca) Removed frames from quizzes.
*  7/7/05 Modified: (J. Lucca)
*     Can turn off HISTOGRAM and randomize_questions on any ch##.htm page
*     by setting them here to false. Both default to true in quiz.js.
*  12/1/05 Modified: (J. Lucca)
*     Can turn off histogram SECTIONS and/or TYPES on any ch##.htm page
*     by setting them here to false. Both default to true in quiz.js.
*/

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// HISTOGRAM AND RANDOMIZE OPTIONAL SETTINGS
//    Can turn off per quiz or leave defaults (as set in quiz.js) as false.
//      randomize_questions=true; HISTOGRAM=true; SECTIONS=true; TYPES=true;
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
HISTOGRAM = false
SECTIONS = false
TYPES = false

/**
* Required settings for all Gradebooks:
*    chapter_no, book_no, book_title
*
* Required when HISTOGRAM = true:
*    At least a section_title[] with its matching q#section for each question
*    or a type_title[] with its matching q#type for each question.
*    Without at least one of these you won't get any histograms.
*/

// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// BEGIN PASTE - Paste any existing quiz javascript questions
//               between this comment and one just like it near bottom of page
// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


// General settings
var chapter_no = "06";
var book_no = "28441";
var book_title = "Archaeology, 5e.";
quiz_name = "Chapter Quiz";
var confirm = "http://www.thamesandhudsonusa.com/web/archaeology/5e/thankyou.htm";
number_answers = new Array(5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2);

var number_questions = number_answers.length;


// HISTOGRAM SECTIONS: All histograms need sections.
section_title = new Array()
section_title[1] = "";                                        
section_title[2] = ""; 

// HISTOGRAM TYPES: A histogram needs types/categories
type_title = new Array()
type_title[1] = "";        
type_title[2] = "";
type_title[3] = "";

q1 = "Some sediments on the ocean floor consist of an ooze containing microfossils known as";
q1a = "planktonic foraminifera.";
q1b = "phytoplankton.";
q1c = "plankton.";
q1d = "microplankton.";
q1e = "none of the above";
q1answer = "a";
q1review = "See Evidence from Water and Ice p. 232.";

q2 = "Archaeologists can trace changes in environmental conditions through time by studying ___________ extracted from the sea bed.";
q2a = "artifacts";
q2b = "stone tools";
q2c = "cores";
q2d = "minerals";
q2e = "salinities";
q2answer = "c";
q2review = "See Evidence from Water and Ice p. 232.";

q3 = "Cores obtained from stratified ice sheets can provide invaluable information on";
q3a = "human migration patterns.";
q3b = "the development of language.";
q3c = "climatic oscillations.";
q3d = "a and c only";
q3e = "none of the above";
q3answer = "c";
q3review = "See Sea and Ice cored and Global Warming p. 233.";

q4 = "Polynesian sea-faring migrations were brought to an end by _____________ which may have caused a sharp increase in storms.";
q4a = "the Little Ice Age ";
q4b = "El Niņo";
q4c = "rising temperatures";
q4d = "all of the above";
q4e = "none of the above";
q4answer = "a";
q4review = "See Ancient Winds p. 235 .";

q5 = "It is thought that the onset of ENSO (El Niņo/Southern Oscillation) may have helped shape the emergence of civilizations";
q5a = "in Australia.";
q5b = "on the South American coast.";
q5c = "in Hispanola.";
q5d = "on the Asian mainland.";
q5e = "in Puerto Rico.";
q5answer = "b";
q5review = "See El Niņo Events p. 234.";

q6 = "A rise in the level of the land relative to the sea caused by the relaxation of Ice Age conditions is a process known as";
q6a = "isometric uplift.";
q6b = "isotopic uplift.";
q6c = "isostatic uplift.";
q6d = "geomorphic uplift.";
q6e = "geostatic uplift.";
q6answer = "c";
q6review = "See Ancient Coastlines p. 236.";

q7 = "The topography of a submerged coastal plain can be traced off shore by using which scientific method?";
q7a = "echo-sounding";
q7b = "emulation";
q7c = "magnetic resonance";
q7d = "diatom analysis";
q7e = "sea cores";
q7answer = "a";
q7review = "See Ancient Coastlines pp. 236-37 .";

q8 = "In northern Australian, changes in ________ and technology may be reflected in the region's art, including images of new species such as the barramundi.";
q8a = "kingship";
q8b = "sea-level";
q8c = "language";
q8d = "animal migration";
q8e = "herding technique";
q8answer = "b";
q8review = "See Ancient Coastlines p. 238.";

q9 = "___________ uses the methods and concepts of earth sciences to examine processes of earth formation, soil and sediment patterns";
q9a = "Ethnoarchaeology.";
q9b = "Archaeobotany.";
q9c = "Geoarchaeology.";
q9d = "Underwater archaeology.";
q9e = "Pseudoarchaeology.";
q9answer = "c";
q9review = "See Studying the Landscape: Geoarchaeology p. 238.";

q10 = " Thick layers in _______, which are periglacial phenomena, represent warm years";
q10a = "dendrochronology";
q10b = "glaciers";
q10c = "river sediment";
q10d = "varves";
q10e = "ice cores";
q10answer = "d";
q10review = "See Varves p. 239.";

q11 = "The channel of the _____________ River is not incised into the land and therefore has the tendency to change its course from time to time.";
q11a = "Indus";
q11b = "Nile";
q11c = "Euphrates";
q11d = "Colorado";
q11e = "Amazon";
q11answer = "a";
q11review = "See Rivers p. 239.";

q12 = "Stalagmites and stalactites are collectively known as __________ and can be used for an accurate assessment of past climate.";
q12a = "rock fall";
q12b = "sluice";
q12c = "isotopes";
q12d = "speleothems";
q12e = "sediments";
q12answer = "d";
q12review = "See Cave Sediments pp. 240-41.";

q13 = "The study of the form and development of the landscape is known as";
q13a = "geomorphology.";
q13b = "archaeology.";
q13c = "archaeozoology.";
q13d = "taphonomy.";
q13e = "none of the above";
q13answer = "a";
q13review = "See Sediments and Soils p. 240.";

q14 = "Karl Butzer has distinguished three groups of cultural deposits: primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary cultural deposits are those which accumulate on the surface from human activity, while secondary cultural deposits are best described as";
q14a = "primary deposits which have undergone modification, either through physical displacement or a change in the use of an activity area.";
q14b = "primary deposits which have been completely removed from their original context, and possibly reused.";
q14c = "primary deposits sealed immediately in a post-depositional episode. ";
q14d = "primary deposits with much less analytical usefulness.";
q14e = "none of the above";
q14answer = "a";
q14review = "See Sediments and Soils p. 242.";

q15 = "A technique used to identify minerals present in the raw materials of an artifact, or to identify clay minerals in sediments, is known as";
q15a = "taphonomy.";
q15b = "subsurface detection.";
q15c = "thermoluminescence.";
q15d = "X-ray diffraction analysis.";
q15e = "electron spin resonance. ";
q15answer = "d";
q15review = "See Sediments and Soils p. 241.";

q16 = "______, a wind-blown sediment, has been found on about 10 percent of the world's land surface.";
q16a = "Varve";
q16b = "Glacier";
q16c = "Bedrock";
q16d = "Pollen";
q16e = "Loess";
q16answer = "e";
q16review = "See Loess Sediment p. 243.";

q17 = "Palynology, or the study of pollen grains, was developed by the Norwegian scientist,";
q17a = "Lars Trolle.";
q17b = "Lennart van Post.";
q17c = "Dolni Vestonice.";
q17d = "Tjeerd van Andel.";
q17e = "Curtis Runnels.";
q17answer = "b";
q17review = "See Reconstructing the Plant Environment p. 245.";

q18 = "The most favorable sediments for the preservation of pollen are _______ and _________ peat bogs.";
q18a = "alkaline, poorly aerated";
q18b = "acidic, poorly aerated";
q18c = "acidic, well drained";
q18d = "alkaline, well drained";
q18e = "acidic, well aerated";
q18answer = "b";
q18review = "See Pollen Analysis pp. 246-47.";

q19 = "__________________ are minute particles of silica from plant cells which survive after the rest of the plant has decomposed.";
q19a = "Fossil cuticles";
q19b = "Cutins";
q19c = "Phytoliths";
q19d = "Diatoms";
q19e = "Exine";
q19answer = "c";
q19review = "See Microbotanical Remains p. 249.";

q20 = "The species of ancient ______ can usually be identified despite changed in their shape caused by charring or waterlogging.";
q20a = "seeds";
q20b = "bacteria";
q20c = "viruses";
q20d = "flowers";
q20e = "all of the above.";
q20answer = "a";
q20review = "See Macrobotanical Remains p. 251.";

q21 = "Small animals, or ______________, are better indicators of climate and environmental change than large species because they adapt more quickly.";
q21a = "macrofauna";
q21b = "macroanimals";
q21c = "microflora";
q21d = "microfauna";
q21e = "none of the above";
q21answer = "d";
q21review = "See Reconstructing the Animal Environment p. 253.";

q22 = "Large animals, or _______________, help build up a picture of past human diet";
q22a = "macrofauna";
q22b = "macroanimals";
q22c = "microflora";
q22d = "microfauna";
q22e = "none of the above";
q22answer = "a";
q22review = "See Reconstructing the Animal Environment p. 256.";

q23 = "Archaeologists should bear in mind that the choice of a site in ancient times may have been dictated by what Ernest Burch refers to as the";
q23a = "empirical environment.";
q23b = "nonempirical environment.";
q23c = "built environment.";
q23d = "weather patterns.";
q23e = "human free will.";
q23answer = "b";
q23review = "See Reconstructing the Human Environment p. 261";

q24 = "One of the first ways in which people modified their living places was by";
q24a = "the controlled use of fire.";
q24b = "moving into existing caves.";
q24c = "building temporary shelters.";
q24d = "domesticating sheep.";
q24e = "planting wheat.";
q24answer = "a";
q24review = "See Reconstructing the Human Environment p. 261";

q25 = "Casts of the hollows left by trees at Poppaea's villa at Oplontis, near Pompeii, provided important information about gardening techniques, especially";
q25a = "fruit cultivation.";
q25b = "deep plowing.";
q25c = "wheat planting.";
q25d = "seasonal growing.";
q25e = "grafting.";
q25answer = "e";
q25review = "See Human Exploitation of the Wider Environment p. 262.";

q26 = "Site Exploitation Territory (SET) is based on the assumption that";
q26a = "the further the resource area is from the site, the less likely it is that the resource will be exploited.";
q26b = "the closer the resource area is to the site, the less likely it is that the resource will be exploited.";
q26c = "the greater the variety of the resources, the less the exploitation of a single type of resource.";
q26d = "hunter-gathers do not want to walk far for resources.";
q26e = "none of the above";
q26answer = "a";
q26review = "See Site Catchment Analysis pp. 264-65.";

q27 = "A ________________ is used to extract a thin column of sediment  'a sea core' from the ocean floor for analysis in reconstructing climates.";
q27a = "long tube";
q27b = "piston corer";
q27c = "deep sea diver";
q27d = "bottle-nosed dolphin";
q27e = "periscope";
q27answer = "b";
q27review = "See Sea and Ice Cored and Global Warming p. 233.";

q28 = "Recent investigations on agricultural production suggest that there were no ____________ in the Kuk highlands about 6000 years ago.";
q28a = "goats";
q28b = "sheep";
q28c = "cows";
q28d = "pigs";
q28e = "dogs";
q28answer = "d";
q28review = "See Ancient Gardens at Kuk Swamp pp. 268-69.";

q29 = "What type of human impact at Chaco Canyon brought about the transformation of the local environment and may have contributed to its eventual abandonment?";
q29a = "population migration";
q29b = "deforestation";
q29c = "plant cultivation";
q29d = "animal domestication";
q29e = "building construction";
q29answer = "b";
q29review = "See Human Exploitation of the Wider Environment p. 271.";

q30 = "Palynologists have recently discovered that Easter Island had _______________ before human arrival.";
q30a = "large herds of deer";
q30b = "large freshwater lakes";
q30c = "forests of large palms";
q30d = "wild rose bushes covering the island";
q30e = "Polynesian rats";
q30answer = "c";
q30review = "See Human Impact on Island Environments p. 273.";

q31 = " Sea cores provide climatic information through the analysis of organic molecules in the ocean waters. ";
q31a = "True";
q31b = "False";
q31answer = "b";
q31review = "See Investigating Environments on a Global Scale p. 232.";

q32 = " El Niņo events seem to have occurred throughout history, not just in recent decades.";
q32a = "True";
q32b = "False";
q32answer = "a";
q32review = "See El Niņo events p. 234.";

q33 = " Diatoms are useful for identifying whether ancient bodies of water were fresh, brackish or salt, but not for finer grained analytical questions, such as the level of water salinity or nutrient status. ";
q33a = "True";
q33b = "False";
q33answer = "b";
q33review = "See Diatom Analysis p. 249.";

q34 = "The reconstruction of the coastline in the vicinity of Franchthi Cave made it possible to understand changes in diet.";
q34a = "True";
q34b = "False";
q34answer = "a";
q34review = "See Ancient Coastlines pp. 236-37.";

q35 = "Fossil ice wedges are proof of a past warming and of the depth of permafrost.";
q35a = "True";
q35b = "False";
q35answer = "b";
q35review = "See Glaciated Landscapes p. 239.";

q36 = "Analyses of soils and sediments can provide data on long-term processes of deposition and erosion.";
q36a = "True";
q36b = "False";
q36answer = "a";
q36review = "See Sediments and Soils p. 240, 242.";

q37 = "Loess works as a climate indicator because it is only deposited during periods of relatively warm, wet climate.";
q37a = "True";
q37b = "False";
q37answer = "b";
q37review = "See Loess Sediments pp. 243-44.";

q38 = "Paleoentomology is the study of ancient words.";
q38a = "True";
q38b = "False";
q38answer = "b";
q38review = "See Worms and Insects p. 255.";

q39 = " Archaeologists are using GIS to learn how Cahokia and other settlements were distributed in relation to environmental features. ";
q39a = "True";
q39b = "False";
q39answer = "a";
q39review = "See Mapping the Ancient Environment: Cahokia and GIS. 266-67.";

q40 = " Site Catchment Analysis (SCA) is the technique for studying the area around a site that would have been exploited by the occupants. ";
q40a = "True";
q40b = "False";
q40answer = "a";
q40review = "See Site Catchment Analysis pp. 264-65.";